Harshvardhan

One Day When I started my computer Windows XP, I get the “MBR Corrupt” and “Error loading operating system” messages. Its shows my hard disk MBR Corrupted.

What is MBR ?

MBR (Master Boot Record) - When we start computer, the BIOS (basic input/output system) looks for the MBR on the first sector of your hard disk. MBR tells the BIOS on which hard disk partition contains the operating system. MBR has only 512-byte size.

If the MBR is damaged or corrupted our hard disk, the BIOS unable locate and start the operating system. When your BIOS find a damaged MBR or boot sector, it display error messages like “Invalid partition table”, “Error loading operating system”, or “Missing operating system”.

How to Repair Damaged MBR

1. First Boot your computer with the Windows XP Setup disk in the CDROM drive. ( Befor restart system first set boot sequence CDROM from BIOS’s Boot Sequence setting).

2. If you get message press a key to start the computer from CDROM, press a key . Otherwise it may try to boot system from the hard disk.

3. After few minutes, getting message to press the R key to start the Recovery Console.

4. When Recovery Console starts, it will prompt you to enter number corresponding to the Windows XP installation that you need to repair. In most cases, you’ll enter “1″ (which will be the only choice). If you press ENTER without typing a number, Recovery Console will quit and restart your computer.

5. Enter your Administrator password. If you don’t enter the correct password, you cannot continue.

6. At the Recovery Console command prompt, type command fixmbr then verify that you want to proceed.

Note : If you have System which has win98 O/S installed and your hard disk MBR damaged then you need win98 bootable CD.

First Boot System with Win98 Bootable CD.

type command fdisk/mbr

It will restore your harddisk MBR

The list of top most popular softwares for Windows.

1. AVG AntiVirus Free Edition — One of the most popular antivirus softwares.
2. Ad-Aware 2008 — It can scan your RAM, Registry, hard drives, and external storage devices for known data-mining, advertising, and tracking components thereby allowing you to maintain a higher degree of privacy while you surf the internet.
3. LimeWire — It is the world’s fastest P2P file-sharing application for all types of computer files, including music, video, pictures, games, and text documents.
4. Avira AntiVir Personal - Free Antivirus — Yet another good free antivirus.
5. Avast Home Edition — It is a complete ICSA & Checkmark certified antivirus, Checkmark certified anti-spyware & anti-rootkit package.
6. FrostWire — FrostWire is a fork of the very popular LimeWire PRO Gnutella/Bittorrent client.
7. Orbit Downloader– A Download manager software.
8. WinRAR — WinRAR is a 32-bit Windows version of RAR Archiver, an archiver and archive manager. Also works for .ZIP files.
9. BitComet — It is one of the most popular BitTorrent/HTTP/FTP download clients.
10. Camfrog Video Chat– It allows you to join real streaming video chat rooms where you can hear, see, and chat with many people at a time.
11. WinZip — Not better than WinRAR.
12. Spybot - Search & Destroy — It can search your hard disk and registry for threats to your security and privacy.
13. mIRC — It is a Internet Relay Chat client for Windows that can be used to communicate, share, play or work with others on IRC networks around the world, either in multi-user group conferences or in one-to-one private discussions.
14. IrfanView — It is a fast and compact image viewer/converter.
15. Malwarebytes’ Anti-Malware — It is an anti-malware application that can thoroughly remove even the most advanced malware.
16. Advanced WindowsCare Personal — It is a comprehensive PC care utility that takes a one-click approach to help protect, repair, and optimize your computer.
17. YouTube Downloader — It is used to download videos from YouTube and many other video websites and convert them to other video formats.
18. FLV Player — For playing .flv videos.
19. RealPlayer — RealPlayer 11 gives you the ability to download videos from thousands of Web sites with just one click.
20. GOM Media Player — It supports file formats such as AVI, DAT, MPEG, DivX, XviD, WMV, ASF.

Linux founder Linus Torvalds has once said

“Software is like sex, it’s better when it’s free.”

So friends enjoy the fun of free sex, download these softwares.

1) ls

This basic command Use for to see the list of a directory.

# ls

a) To view details such as the file permissions, user and group owner, last time file was modified

# ls -l

b) Searching filenames by using wildcards. To list files that start with the letter h, use

# ls -l h*

2) find

The find command to find your files. The find command will search and find directories or files that match conditions such as name, date last accessed, file size and more. It has got many abilities, and they’re all listed in the man page.

To search for files starting with the letter h recursively starting from the / root directory use the following

# find / -name h*

3) man

man stands for manual, So “man page” really means it’s manual page. Most linux commands have manual pages that describe how the command is utilized. it just for help user if you forget the use and syntax for any comand. You use it by passing a command line as an option like this

# man vi

4) vi

The editor of choice for linux users.

A) If you notice on your keyboard the letters (H,J,K,L) are adjacent to each other, which makes them ideal keys to use for

navigating this editor.
a) l (move right)
b) h (move left)
c) j (move down)
d) k (momve up)
B) YY - type in Y twice to copy a line
C) DD - type in D twice to cut a line.
D) P - type in P to paste a line.
E) :q! - quit without saving
F) :wq! - save and quit
G) :w! - save

5) cat

To view the contents of a file.

# cat filename.txt

6) more

You can pipe the cat command into more which will allow you to view the contents one screenfull at a time.

# cat filename.txt | more

7) cp, mv, rm

For copy, move or remove a file. There’s actually three different commands for each of these functions.

A) copy

# cp oldfilename.txt newfilename.txt

B) move

# mv oldfilename.txt newfilename.txt

C) delete

# rm oldfilename.txt

chmod

This command is used for changing files permission.

# chmod +x filename

9) grep

if you need to search for certain phrases or words in a file? And for this we can use the grep command. Say we want to search for all the occurances of the word “passwd” in a filename, we can use the following command

# grep “passwd” filename.txt

If there are matches, the lines containing “passwd” will be printed.

10) ps

using the “ps” command you can view What processes are running under your account or in background.

# ps

Proxy Server work between computer network and the Internet. Proxy Server send Internet information requests on our behalf, using its own generated IP address instead of ours. So our home computer access internet web sites indirectly, using the proxy server. Proxy Server not display our computer’s IP address and hide it and web sites, internet servers will see the proxy’s generated IP address, not our home computer network IP address. In this way Proxy Server hide our computer Ip address.

As a System administrator we have lotof choices to protect our system when we select firewall. All firewall products have a little different functionality and setup, but they have common option to open or close particular ports to protect your web server.

When we installed cPanel and WHM then we are able to use a number of different Services on our system. number of servervices require outside connecton to function properly. So we need specific ports in firewall to be opened for these services to function properly. Here we are giving you list to make your system secure when you are using firewall. So Carefully review this list and make ajustment according to your server requirements.

Firewall Ports
20 FTP (Consider SFTP over SSH as is more secure than FTP)
21 FTP (Consider SFTP over SSH as is more secure than FTP)
22 SSH (Consider switching SSH to a different, non-standard port for security reasons)
25 SMTP (some ISPs block port 25 so that a mail client cannot reach the mail server to send mail)
26 SMTP (alternate SMTP port option – see notes for port 25)
37 rdate (needed to retrieve date and time information)
43 whois (part of generic DNS features)
53 bind (DNS)
80 http (Apache / Web)
110 POP3 (Email)
113 ident (authentication)
143 IMAP (Email)
443 https (Web / HTTP over SSL)
465 SMTP (TLS/SSL)
873 rsync (remote sync)
993 (IMAP SSL)
995 (POP3 SSL)
2083 cPanel (SSL encrypted)
2087 WHM (SSL encrypted)
2089 Licensing (Must be open to contact license server)
2096 Webmail (Horde, Squirrelmail)
3306 MySQL (MySQL remote connections)

I think this list helpful for you to secure user of your web server. Make sure test it carefully otherwise server functionality might be at stake.

I always had the thought Google runs on Apache. But today searching with my Web Server Detection Tool and HTTP Header Checker i noticed www.google.com to return the following HTTP Header:

URL: http://www.google.com/
HTTP Header:
HTTP/1.0 200 OK =>
Cache-Control => private, max-age=0
Date => Sat, 05 Jul 2008 08:14:25 GMT
Expires => -1
Content-Type => text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1
Set-Cookie => PREF=ID=31a1927abae13b37:TM=1215245665:LM=1215245665:S=st3-qsEsuPWQdDAz; expires=Mon, 05-Jul-2010 08:14:25 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com
Server => gws
Connection => Close

The web server google is using is GWS/2.1. Which i think stand for “Google Web Server”.

List of Google Server Types - Services and Server Software used by Google

Main Search: GWS/2.1
Google Accounts: GFE/1.3*
Google AdSense: GFE/1.3*
Google AdWords: GFE/1.3*
Google Analytics (Login Page): GWS/2.1
Google Analytics (Auth Page): GFE/1.3*
Google Analytics (Other Pages): ucfe*
Google Analytics (Analysis Image and JS): ucfe
Google Analytics (Images/JS/CSS/Flash): ga-reporting-fe
Google Answers: GFE/1.3
Google Base: asfe
Blogger: Apache
Google Book Search: OFE/0.1
Google Calendar: GFE/1.3
Google Catalogs: OFE/0.1
Google Code: codesite/2104877
Google Desktop: GFE/1.3
Google Directory: GWS/2.1
Google Downloads: GWS/2.1
Google Finance: SFE/0.8
Google Finance Stock Charts (Images): FTS (C)1997-2006 IS.Teledata AG
Froogle: cffe
Google Groups: GWS-GRFE/0.50
Hello: Apache/2.0.53
Google Help Pages: TrakhelpServer/1.0a
Google Images: GWS/2.1
Google Labs: Apache
Google Local / Maps: mfe
Google Local/Maps (Images): tfe
Google Mail: GWS/2.1
Google Mobile: GWS/2.1
Google Moon: mfe
Google Moon (Images): GWS/2.1
Google Music Search: mws
Google News: NFE/1.0
Orkut: GFE/1.3*
Google Pack: COMINST/1.0
Picasa (.com): Apache/2.0.53
Picasa (.google.com): GWS/2.1
Google Page Creator (Sign-up page): GFE/1.3*
Google Page Creator (User pages): GFE/1.3
Google Personalized Homepage: igfe
Google Scholar: GWS/2.1
Google Search History: Search-History HTTP Server
Google Sets: Apache
Google Site-Flavored: GWS/2.1
Google Sitemaps: GFE/1.3
Google SMS: GWS/2.1
Google SMS Search Requests: SMPP server 1.0
Google SMS (GMail Registration): GFE/1.3*
Google SMS (Page Viewer): GFE/1.3
Google Suggest: Auto-Completion Server
Google Transit: mfe
Google Translate: TWS/0.9
Google Video: GFE/1.3
Google Reader: GFE/1.3
Google Ride Finder: Apache
Google Talk: GWS/2.1
Google Toolbar: GFE/1.3
Google Toolbar (PR Lookup): GWS/2.1
Google Web Accelerator: GFE/1.3
Google Web Alerts: PSFE/4.0

Blogger and Google Labs also gives a little diffrent “HTTP Header” reply than usual Apache gives.

Orkut was launched on January 22, 2004 by Google, the search engine company. Orkut Büyükkökten, a Turkish software engineer, developed it as an independent project while working at Google (permitted by its policy).

orkut named after its creator, Google employee Orkut Büyükkökten. It is designed to help users meet new friends and maintain existing relationships. Orkut Büyükkökten is a Turkish software engineer who developed the social networking service called orkut while working at Google. He developed orkut as an independent project while working at Google, the outgrowth of a company policy whereby all employees at Google can spend 20% of their time working on personal interests.

Check My orkut Profile

June 17, 2008 Mozilla today released Firefox® 3, a major update to its popular and acclaimed free, open source Web browser. Firefox 3 is the culmination of three years of efforts from thousands of developers, security experts, localization and support communities, and testers from around the globe.

“We’re really proud of Firefox 3 and it just shows what a committed, energized global community can do when they work together,” said John Lilly, CEO of Mozilla.

Available today in approximately 50 languages, Firefox 3 is two to three times faster than its predecessor and offers more than 15,000 improvements, including the revolutionary smart location bar, malware protection, and extensive under the hood work to improve the speed and performance of the browser.

Download Firefox 3

Everyone want to know the various options about make money online ? Here i am giving you short list for how you make money online for quick reference:

1. Start or join affiliated program such as cafepress, Linkshare, Quicken, Hostgator etc.
2. Advertisement such as Google Adsense, Yahoo Publisher, Text Links Ads
3. Set up your own shopping cart and sell your products
4. Join or start affiliate marketing
5. Sell/Buy Advertising Space
6. Start Ebay Auction
7. Start a networking site like MySpace
8. Write and sell your own Books/Ebooks
9. Write and sell Software and utility
10. Start Membership Site
11. Get Paid To Blog
12. Get Paid To Review
13. Sell Your Leads
14. Start working as Freelance writer
15. Start working as Freelance programmer
16. Start working as Web designer
17. Start working as Graphics designer
18. Buy/sell domain name
19. Start a web hosting business
20. Buy/sell website
21. Sell private label right products such as articles, software, photo etc
22. Be a consultant
23. Setting up a shop in SecondLife
24. Participate in paid-to-read email, surveys, discussion groups
25. Gold farmer
26. Dropshipping

This is a short checklist and serve as a quick reference for you. I hope this will help you earn money online. Enjoy making money online !!!

Here is a list of the most useful and most popular Wordpress plugins, if you don’t yet have wordpress, or don’t know what it is so visit wordpress.org, its a blogging software. Enjoy the list.

Akismet - Is a spam filter that checks your comments against the Akismet web service to see if they are spam or not, also checks the trackbacks for spam.

Exec-PHP - Execute PHP code in posts or static pages. When this plugin is on you can add php code to static pages or even posts.

Google Sitemaps - This generator will create a Google compliant sitemap of your WordPress blog.

No Ping Wait - Speeds up posting by moving generic pings to execute-pings.php.

PXS Mail Form - Creates a mail form with multipart verification, various messages and an auto redirect on successful send. It is much more easy to contact with website author.

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